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BARISIN KENTI ÇANAKKALE

Türkiye'ye "Medeniyetin Besigi" denir.. ve bu tarihi ülkede seyahat ederek yabancilar bu deyisin ne manaya geldigini görebilmektedirler..

Dünya'nin ilk yerlesim birimi.. Catalhöyük'te bir sehir .. milattan önce 6,500 tarhine kadar uzanmaktadir..O tarihten bugüne kadar, Türkiye son derece zengin bir tarihe ev sahipligi yapmis..


ve bu da modern medeniyetimizde kalici izler birakmistir..Yüzlerce senelik kültür mirasi Türkiye'yi bir bilgi ve kültür cenneti haline getirmistir.. Hititler, Frigyalilar, Urartulular, Likyalilar, Lidyalilar, 0yonlar, Persler, Makedonyalilar, Romalilar, Bizanslilar, Selcuklular, ve Osmanlilar.. hepsi, Türk tarihine öneml katkilarda bulunmuslardir.. ve ülkenin her tarfina yailmis olan tarihi harabeler herbir medeniyetin kendine has çizgilerini sergilemektedir.. Türkiye'nin ayni zamanda çok büyüleyici bir yakin tarihi bulunmaktadir.. Osmanli Imparatorlugu'nun çöküsünü takiben, meslek olarak asker ve kisilik olarak büyük vizyon sahibi Mustafa Kemal adinda genç bir adam Birinci Dünya Savasi'nin yenilgisini bütün istilaci kuvvetleri ülkeden atarak memleketi adina parlak bir zafere dönüstürmüstür Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 29 Ekim 1923 'de Türkiye Cumhuriyet'ni kurmus ve ülkesini büyük ekonomik ilerleme ve tümden modernizasyonla baris ve huzura kavusturmustur. Yaklasik 100 sene sonra, Türkiye hala bu gururu yasamaktadir.. "Yurtta Baris Cihanda Baris" sloganiyla..                                                                                                Baris için çalisanlar Merhaba  
Barisa, sevgiye katki koyanlar
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Baris için çalisanlar           Barisin kenti Çanakkale  
 
 
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Los comienzos de la humanidad La Caverna de Karain guarda las primeras huellas de la humanidad en tierras anatolias. Pertenecen al periodo paleolítico pues se remontan a hace unos 100.000 años a.C. aunque el número de asentamientos aumentó considerablemente alrededor del año 8.000 a.C. De esta época se han encontrado asentamientos en Çayönü y Hacılar. En Çatalhöyük hay hasta doce yacimientos que oscilan entre los 6.500 y el 5.650 a.C. nos han revelado la primera urbanización organizada en la historia de la Humanidad, con una población de unos cinco a diez mil habitantes.
Entre los siglos V a.C. y III a.C. se desarrolla la cultura asiria, sobre la zona de Kultepe. Por aquel entonces ya tenían desarrollado una importantísima red comercial, donde se importaban y exportaban todo tipo de productos.
La cultura hitita
Los hititas fueron los primeros en fundar un estado indoeuropeo en el año 1.800 a.C. Este pueblo llegó a dominar Babilonia. Los hititas cobraban impuestos y concedían autonomía a los pueblos siempre que no opusieran resistencia. Su máximo esplendor duró entre el 1.450 a. C. hasta el año 1.200 a.C. Fue entonces cuando los tracios y otros pueblos comenzaron a invadir el Imperio Asirio, dejando solo pequeños asentamientos. A su época se la conoce como el Imperio Nuevo, con capital en Hattuşaş (la actual Boðazköy).
Entre los siglos XV y XIV a.C. los hititas se enfrentaron a los hurritas, pueblo que se localizaba en la región del Alto Eúfrates, con el Imperio de Mitanni y con os bárbaros de la región del Ponto. Así, los hititas ensanchaban su imperio desde la Región del Mármara hasta los países a lo largo del Río Eúfrates.
Con el siglo XIII llegaron los primeros enfrentamientos con los egipcios. Durante el reinado de Ramsés II los enfrentamientos por la repartición de Siria llevaron a la rubrica del primer tratado de paz de la historia, firmado en Kadesh en el año 1285 a.C.
Pero en los últimos siglos del Imperio, la organización se fue debilitando hasta que en el siglo VII se formaron las ciudades soberanas. Los hititas dejaron para la posteridad un importantísimo legado artístico que demuestra el desarrollo de esta gran cultura. Los principales yacimientos arqueológicos se encuentran en Hattuşaş, Yazılıkaya, Alacahöyük, Malatya, Karkamiş, Sakçegözü, Zincirli y Karatepe.
Las civilizaciones de Urartu y Frigia
Junto al Lago Van, hacia el año 1.000 a.C., mientras que el Imperio Hitita se está deshaciendo, comienza a desarrollarse una cultura que alcanzaría un desarrollo increíble, la Urartu, probablemente descendientes de los hurritas. Su mayor logro fue el desarrollo de la metalurgia y el bronce hasta el siglo VI a.C. Los asentamientos más importantes de esta cultura se encuentran en Altintepe, Toprakkale y Çavuştepe aunque hay más repartidos por toda Antolia Oriental.
En el siglo XIII a.C., los frigios cruzaron el estrecho de Dardanelos y el estrecho del Bósforo. Se asentaron sobre la región septentrional de la Anatolia Central, donde crearon una poderosa civilización muy avanzada.
Las primeras fuentes escritas que mencionan a los frigios (La Iliada) dicen que fueron los aliados de los troyanos en la Guerra de Troya. Esta civilización ha dejado muestras artísticas repartidas por asentamientos en Gordion, Aslankaya, Aliðar, Alaca y Pazarlı, antes de borrarse del escenario de la historia durante el periodo de la gran invasión persa del siglo VI a.C.
Lidios, licios y carios
Los carios eran descendientes de los lelegianos inmigrados a Anatolia durante la época de la civilización micénica del rey Minos. Los lidios y los licios, según se cree, eran los pueblos autóctonos de Anatolia, Zante, la Capital de Licia, nos da las obras de arte más bellas de esta cultura original (600 200 a.C.).
Sardes fue la capital de Lidia. Se desarrolló entre el 600 y el 200 a.C. y fue la mayor fuente de inspiración de arte helénico de Anatolia. Se cree que probablemente fueron los primeros en acuñar moneda. El más famoso de sus reyes fue el rey Creso, cuya capital se asentaba cerca de la zona del actual río Gediz.
En cuanto a la civilización caria, se desarrolló en ciudades como Halicarnaso (la actual Bodrum), Afrodisias, Miletos y Esmirna (la actual İzmir). En Halicarnaso está una de las siete maravillas del mundo, el monumento funeral del sátrapa persa Mausolo. En cuanto a Afrodisias, probablemente sea una de las ciudades más bellas de la antigüedad.
Los pueblos marineros
A partir del siglo XII a.C. los pueblos marineros que los antiguos egipcios llamaron `pueblos del mar´, invadieron no solamente las tierras de Anatolia, sino también todo el Oriente Medio. Los acadios, los lelegianos, los jonios, los dorios, los griegos, los micénicos, llegaron unos tras otros… Tuvieron que atravesar el estrecho de los Dardanelos para poder establecerse en las costas del Mar Negro, para lo cual tenían que pagar peaje a los troyanos. En La Iliada se cuenta como vencieron a los troyanos y consiguieron cruzar el estrecho sin pagar.
Los pueblos del mar se asimilaron con los pueblos autóctonos de Anatolia, cuyas culturas se mezclaron y se enriquecieron. El culto a la diosa madre Cibeles, que existía en Anatolia desde tiempos inmemoriales, fue adoptado por los Pueblos del Mar mientras que el poderoso Zeus se debilitaba frente a Artemisa en Jonia y Afrodita en Caria.
De esta forma, la cultura de los recién llegados se asimiló a la de los pueblos autóctonos de Anatolia, dando lugar a la civilización helenística, que dejó los legados de personajes de la talla de Tales, Diógenes o Estrabón. Las civilizaciones de Anatolia alcanzaron los niveles más altos en la filosofía, las matemáticas, la geometría, la astronomía, la astrología, la pintura, la escultura, el mosaico, la cerámica y muchas otras ciencias y artes.
La invasión persa
Los persas empezaron a invadir Anatolia a partir del siglo V a.C. llegando a Grecia durante los reinados de los emperadores de Ciro, Dario y Jerges. No todo fueron victorias, los persas perdieron batallas vitales como las de Maratón, Salamina y Platea aunque la dominación continuó hasta el siglo IV a.C.
La Época Helenística
Uno de los momentos de oro de la cultura europea y asiática comienza con la llegada de Alejandro Magno a las tierras de Anatolia, en el año 334 a.C., es la época helenística.
El emperador consiguió minar al Imperio Persa venciendo varias veces a Dario, extendió su dominación hasta la India; mientras tenía un pie en las civilizaciones orientales, era venerado en Egipto como el hijo del dios Amon y adorado en todo el país persa. Sin duda, Alejandro Magno impulsó la síntesis entre las civilizaciones occidental y oriental.
El reino de Pérgamo, que se fundó después de su muerte y dominó en Eolia y Jonia (283 133 a.C.) alcanzó un nivel de civilización sin igual, creando las ciudades más bellas y prestigiosas de Anatolia, como Hierápolis o Antalya. Mientras, en Bitinia, se desarrolló un arte con un alto nivel artístico pero con un carácter más oriental.
La época helenística constituye el mayor desarrollo en ciencias como la arquitectura y la urbanística. Es la época de la fundación de la Escuela de Arquitectura Jónica. Gracias a ella se construyeron templos tan bellos como Artemisia, Dídimo o Euromos ciudades tan bien planeadas como Priene, Mileto, Teos o Magnesia. Pero no era esta la única cultura que estaba alcanzando su mayor esplendor cultural. En Pérgamo existía una biblioteca con más de 200.000 pergaminos, era, sin duda, el mayor centro científico de la época.
Época romana
A la muerte del último rey de Pérgamo, Atalo III (133 a.C.), Pérgamo pasó a formar parte del Imperio Romano. Los romanos vencieron al rey Mitrídates del Ponto y llegaron a extender su territorio por toda Anatolia. Los recién llegados también aportaron su granito de arena al desarrollo cultural, con grandes construcciones en ciudades como Éfeso, Mileto, Foçea, Tarsus, Filadelfia, Tralles (Aydın) y Assos. También fundaron nuevas ciudades como Iconio (Konya), Cesarea (Kayseri) y Sebsteia (Sivas).
Zonas como Pamfilia, donde estaban Perge, Side, Aspendos, Jaunos, Antifelos, Mira y Termessos, alcanzaron su máximo apogeo. El reino de Comagene se desarrolló en un breve periodo (69 34 a.C.) en la zona de la Anatolia oriental. Esto no impidió que consiguiera construir uno de los santuarios más hermosos de Turquía en el Monte Nemrut.
El Cristianismo y Bizancio
Muchos de los episodios del Antiguo Testamento se desarrollaban en Anatolia, de ahí que de siempre se considera a esta zona tierra sagrada. El arca de Noé se había quedado atrapada en el monte Ararat, Abraham había vivido en Urfa y Harran. Tras la fundación del cristianismo, San Pablo nació en Tarso y recorrió Anatolia, los apóstoles adoptaron por primera vez el nombre de `cristiano´ en la caverna de San Pedro de Antioquia (la actual Antakya), San Juan Evangelista escribió su evangelio en Éfeso y la Virgen María pasó sus últimos años de visa y murió en la misma ciudad. Las siete iglesias del Apocalipsis fueron fundadas en estas tierras y los primeros concilios ecuménicos fueron organizados en Nicea (İznik), Éfeso y Calcedonia (Bitinia).
Una de las fechas claves para la historia de Turquía es el año 330 cuando Constantino el Grande trasladó su capital a Constantinopla, la `ciudad de Constantino´ (İstanbul). Poco después, se adopta el cristianismo como religión oficial del estado bizantino convirtiendo la ciudad en el centro de una gran civilización.
El Imperio Bizantino no solo desarrolló obras artísticas de gran calidad, sino que consiguió resistir a los ataques árabes (siglo VII) y de los primeros pueblos bárbaros (XI). Las tierras de Anatolia fueron el escenario de once cruzadas. En 1071 el emperador romano Diógenis fue vencido por los turcos selyuquíes, en la batalla de Mantzikert (Malazgirt). Es el comienzo de la decadencia del Imperio Bizantino. Constantinopla sería conquistada en 1453.
Los Selyuquíes, los Otomanos y la República de Turquía
Los clanes y tribus nómadas turcos habían desarrollado su civilización en Asia Central durante más de mil años, huyeron hacia Anatolia debido a la sequía y la hambruna que asolaba sus tierras. A su llegada a la península de Anatolia ocuparon vastas tierras fértiles inhabitadas y se asimilaron con los pueblos autóctonos. Es el comienzo de una nueva época. Nacieron así dos de los más poderosos reinos de la península: los selyuquíes de Anatolia que reinaron desde mediados del siglo XI hasta mediados del siglo XIII cuando la gran invasión mongólica devastó Anatolia y los turcos otomanos que fundaron uno de los imperios más grandes del mundo entre los siglos XIVXX durante los cuales adornaron este país con numerosas obras de arte crearon nuevas riquezas y bellezas.
Los selyuquíes fueron los que fundaron el primer estado turco en Anatolia, no intervinieron de ninguna manera ni en las creencias, ni en las formas de vivir de los distintos pueblos que habían inmigrado a estas tierras antes de ellos y habían adoptado la fe cristiana durante la época bizantina; al contrario, acabaron con las opresiones feudales existentes sobre estos pueblos y lograron establecer un orden público.
Los turcos otomanos buscaron y consiguieron una paz interna lo que ha posibilitado la convivencia pacífica de un amplio mosaico de pueblos en Anatolia durante un periodo de más de mil años.
Antes de la llegada de los turcos, las rutas comerciales más importantes (la ruta de la seda, la ruta de las especias, la ruta de Marco Polo…) pasaban por Anatolia. Buscando mejorar y aumentar ese comercio, los selyuquíes construyeron centenares de caravasares sobre estas mismas rutas para resucitar el comercio entre Europa y el Lejano Oriente, interrumpido durante la decadencia del Imperio Bizantino.
Los otomanos fueron los que impulsaron el avance en la arquitectura, con un estilo propio, una vez que dejaron la vida nómada para asentarse. El máximo desarrollo se dio en İstanbul con mezquitas, baños, albergues de caridad, escuelas, fomentando el arte en todas sus formas.
El viejo Imperio Otomano se mantuvo hasta el fin de la Primera Guerra Mundial cuando nació la República de Turquía en 1923 después de una penosa Guerra de Independencia. El fundador de la nueva república fue Atatürk.
Turquía es un estado laico y democrático. Un país en vías de desarrollo gracias a una política económica, adoptada desde 1923, formando una parte vital del mundo occidental. Es una República basada en un sistema parlamentario democrático. La Asamblea Nacional es elegida por el pueblo y el poder ejecutivo recae en el Consejo de Ministros presidido por el Primer Ministro. Turquía es miembro de la OCDE (Organización de Cooperación y Desarrollo Económico), de la Organización de Cooperación Económica del Mar Negro, de la OTAN, del Consejo de Europea, del Parlamento Europeo, de la Asociación de la Conferencia Islámica, así como miembro asociado de la Unión Europea.
La economía turca se basa principalmente en el turismo pues disfruta de uno de los legados de la historia más importantes del mundo así como la naturaleza que se desarrolla en todo su esplendor. El cultivo de trigo, arroz, algodón, té, tabaco, avellanas y frutas es otro de los puntos fuertes de la agricultura. A través del Plan de Desarrollo del Sureste (GAP) se ha desarrollado enormemente este sector, a través de canales, centrales hidroeléctricas y canales de regadío. Este plan incluye la Presa de Atatürk que está dentro de las diez presas más grandes del mundo. Además, parte de la población trabaja en las minas de carbón, cromo, hierro, cobre, bauxita y azufre.
Geogafía
Turquía, con sus 814.578 kilómetros cuadrados, repartidos entre Tracia Oriental, en Europa, y la Península de Anatolia, en Asia, disfruta de grandes cordilleras como Tauro, inmensas mesetas como Anatolia Central, grandes ríos como el Dicle (Tigris) y el Fırat (Eúfrates), además de una extensa costa.
La parte europea y el territorio asiático están separados por el `İstanbul Boğazı´ (Bósforo), el Mar Mármara y el `Çanakkale Boğazı´ (Estrecho de Dardanelos). La Península de Anatolia tiene una superficie de 23.000 kilómetros cuadrados. La Meseta de Anatolia Central, oscila entre los 800 metros y los 2.000 2.200 metros sobre el nivel del mar de la zona este. Está atravesada por quince ríos entre los que destacan el `Dicle´ (Tigris) y el `Fırat´ (Eúfrates), ambos nacen en territorio turco. Junto a los ríos, los grandes lagos. El de mayor extensión es el Lago Van, situado a unos 1.646 metros de altura y con más de 3.788 kilómetros cuadrados de extensión.
Turquía cuenta además con amplias zonas montañosas. Así, paralela a la costa mediterránea, están los Montes Tauro cuya altura máxima alcanza los 4.000 metros de altura y las más bajas los 2.500 metros. A lo largo de la costa del Mar Negro se extienden los Montes Pónticos cuya altura oscila entre los 1.500 metros y los 3.600 en la zona este. Turquía disfruta de más de 8.333 metros de costa.
Gracias a la abundancia del agua, en la meseta, entre las montañas que llegan hasta el Mar Egeo, se formaron hace miles de años varios fértiles valles regados por los ríos Meandro, Caistro, Pactolo o Selinus, entre otros. Las tierras que rodean al Mar de Mármara son también las tierras fértiles.
Al este de la cuenca del Lago Salado se extiende la parte más alta de la meseta, donde están los volcanes que oscilan entre los 3.000 y los 4.000 metros de altura. El más alto es Ararat con 5.165 metros de altura.
Gente y costumbres
Un total de sesenta y cinco millones de personas viven en Turquía. De ellos, unos tres millones viven en el extranjero y el setenta por ciento de la población de Turquía vive en las ciudades. El treinta por ciento en las zonas rurales. Las ciudades más pobladas son İstanbul, Ankara, İzmir, Adana, Antalya y Bursa. La población turca es una población joven, debido a la alta natalidad.
Uno de los mejores sitios para conocer el carácter abierto del pueblo turco son los cafés o `kahve´. Aquí se reúnen los hombres a tomar café o a jugar al `tavla´. Se puede fumar una pipa `Nargile´ en los cafés de Turquía.
Los turcos se distinguen por su carácter hospitalario y por la extraordinaria manera en la que atienden a sus invitados o konuk. Así, una comida en una casa turca puede durar horas, pues además de cubrir las necesidades básicas, hay que disfrutar de una buena conversación. Casi todos los turcos de clase media hablan una lengua extranjera por lo que las distancias idiomáticas se salvan enseguida.
Arte y cultura
Música Dos son las ramas principales en el mundo musical turco: la refinada
música de la corte otomana y la música popular, procedente de las estepas asiáticas. Los `Aşık´ o trovadores han transmitido esta última a lo largo de los siglos, cantando de pueblo en pueblo acompañados del `saz´, instrumento musical parecido a la mandolina. La música militar otomana y la música religiosa de los Derviches Danzantes o `Mevleviler´ completan el conjunto de la música popular. La primera es interpretada por el `Mehter Takımı´, en el Museo Militar de Istanbul. La música ritual que acompaña la danza de los Derviches, está dominada por el sonido de la flauta `ney´. En diciembre, en Mevlana, se toca esta música durante las ceremonias conmemorativas.
Baile
El baile es una de las formas de expresión artística más variadas de Turquía. Cada una de las culturas turcas tiene el suyo propio. Por ejemplo, el Horon es el baile del Mar Negro. Es un baile masculino en el que cada hombre va vestido con un traje negro muy ajustado con adornos de plata, moviéndose rápidamente al son del `kemençe´, un instrumento musical muy parecido al violín.
El Kaşık Oyunu o `Baile de la Cuchara´ es típico de la zona de Konya y Silifke. Es un baile en el que participan hombres y mujeres vestidos con trajes de vivos colores al ritmo que producen con las cucharas que llevan en las manos.
La danza egea es el Zeybek. Es una danza masculina de ritmo lento. Cada uno de los hombres simboliza el ritmo y el coraje, reciben el nombre de `efe´. El Kılıç Kalkan es la danza de Bursa. En el baile participan sólo hombres ataviados con el traje de los primeros soldados otomanos. Al ritmo que producen las espadas chocando unas contra otras y sin música, reproducen la conquista otomana de la ciudad de Bursa.
Deportes Nacionales
Son cuatro los deportes nacionales:
· Yağlı Güreş es una lucha cuerpo a cuerpo en la que los hombres van embadurnados de aceite. El campeonato tiene lugar cada año en junio, en Kırkpınar, muy cerca de Edirne.
· Cirit Oyunu es un deporte que suele practicarse en el este de Turquía. Consiste en un tipo de lucha en la que los competidores van montados a caballo han de coger las jabalinas que se lanzan al aire.
· La Deve Güreşi es una lucha de camellos propia de Selçuk (Izmir).
· Boğa Güreşi es la lucha taurina propia de Kafkasör, cerca de Artvin.
Los baños turcos
Esta costumbre es sin duda una de las más apreciadas tanto dentro como fuera de Turquía. Los estrictos preceptos de aseo de su cultura y religión, han hecho que, desde la Edad Media, el `hamam´ o baño público esté presente en cada población. Con el `peştemal´ puesto (una fina toalla de tela) se pasa a la zona de masaje y el `tellak´ (hombres) o `natır´ (mujeres), una especie de masaje, se consigue la limpieza profunda de la piel y la reactivación de la circulación sanguínea.
Gastronomía
Los turcos muestran su gastronomía como una de las grandes virtudes del país y no es para menos. La mesa turca se prepara con los ingredientes más frescos, buscando la más armónica de las combinaciones.
Los restaurantes suelen abrir las veinticuatro horas del día y tienen en cualquier momento, una gran selección de sopas, entrantes, platos de verdura y carne, ensaladas, postres dulces y las irresistibles frutas. Cuatro mares bañan el país por lo que los pescados y mariscos no podían ser más frescos y selectos.
Entre los entrantes o `mezeler´ están algunos tan apetitosos como el arnavut ciğeri, el çerkez tavuğu, o las tarama, salsa de huevas con pescado. Las más originales son las que se preparan con yoğurt, como la yayla çorbası. Entre las carnes destaca el cordero, preparado, por ejemplo en un döner kebap. Los pilav son los platos que llevan arroz como el iç pilav. El aceite de oliva, zeytinyağlılar, acompaña a platos como las berenjenas o las judías rojas.
Los börekler o hojaldres suelen ir rellenos de carne picada, verdura o queso. El pepino rallado con yogur aderezado, se conoce con el nombre de cacık. Los dulces postres van rellenos de pistachos como el baklava.
Turquía se distingue además por sus cervezas y por sus vinos. El rakı es un tipo de anisete que suele acompañar a los entremeses y que se bebe acompañado de agua. El té y el café turco son una auténtica maravilla. Los turcos son aficionados al primero, por lo que suelen ofrecerlo en todos los sitios.
 
Fauna y Flora
En las mesetas de la Anatolia Central existen todavía amplios bosques sobre las zonas montañosas. Las zonas de la costa mediterránea están pobladas por matorrales y brezales. Turquía, situada en el cruce de tres continentes, forma un puente natural entre los focos reproductivos de las aves, en el norte; y los lugares donde pasan el invierno, en el sur. Para los amantes de las aves, Turquía ofrece multitud de reservas como el Parque Nacional Kuşcenneti `Paraíso de las Aves´o la provincia de Bandırma. Las principales reservas naturales de Turquía son las siguientes: Uludağ, Truva (Troya), Kuşcenneti, Spil Dağı, Dilek Yarımadası, Fethiye, Kovada Gölü, Güllük Dağı, Olimpos / Bey Dağları, Karatepe / Aslantaş, Munzur Vadisi, Kızıl Dağ, Köprülü Kanyon, Gelibolu Yarımadası Tarihi Millipark (Parque Histórico y Natural en la Península de Gelibolu), Yozgat Çamlığı, Soğuksu, Ligas Dağı, Yedi Göller, Altındere, Göreme, Nemrut, Başkomutan, Kaz Dağı, Boğazkale, Alacahöyük, Beyşehir Gölü, Ala Dağları, Honaz Dağı, Karagöl, Hatilla Vadisi, Kaçkar Dağları, Altınbeşik Mağarası.
Dirección General de Parques Nacionales
Orman Bakanlığı Milli Parklar Genel Müdürlüğü Gazi Tesisleri 11, Gazi Ankara
Festividades
Los días festivos oficiales son los siguientes:
· El 1 de enero es Año Nuevo.
· El 23 de abril es el Día de la Soberanía Nacional y el Día del Niño.
· El 19 de mayo es el Día de la Conmemoración a Atatürk, de la Juventud y del Deporte.
· El 30 de Agosto es el Día de la Victoria.
· El 29 de Octubre es el Día de la República, cuando se conmemora el Aniversario de la Fundación de la República Turca.
 
Entretenimiento
Turquía ofrece todo tipo de actividades culturales así como deportivas. Entre los deportes más practicados está el submarinismo, el rafting, el windsurf, la pesca, el golf, la caza y la espeología, además de los deportes de invierno y los de montaña. En los Montes Tauro, Anatolia Central, el suroeste y noroeste de Anatolia y Tracia, existen numerosas rutas para practicar la espeología.
El submarinismo está permitido en algunas zonas, hay que consultar en las oficinas de turismo o en la Dirección General de la Juventud y el Deporte. El rafting se practica ríos Çoruh, Barhal, Berta, Fırtına, Çolaklı, Köprüçay, Manavgat, Dragon, Göksu (Silifke), Göksu (Feke), Zamantı, Kızılırmak y Dalaman Çayı. En cuanto al windsurf, sepuede practicar en todos los mares turcos pero lo más recomendable es hacerlo en las calas del mar Egeo, cerca de Çeşme, Bodrum y la Península de Datça, así como en las costas del Mediterráneo y la zona de Antalya.
La pesca, en las zonas permitidas, no requiere de licencia aunque está prohibida para los extranjeros con fines comerciales y no se puede sobrepasar la red de cinco kilos de peso. En cuanto a la caza, hace falta una licencia del país de origen que ha de ser homologada por el Departamento de Parques Naturales, Caza y Asuntos Rurales del Ministerio de Bosques. Sólo se puede practicar durante las cacerías organizadas por el ministerio.
El golf se puede practicar en campos de 18 hoyos en las principales ciudades. En cuanto a los deportes aéreos, la Compañía Aérea Turca THY ofrece los siguientes: vuelo sin motor en Ankara, paracaidismo, vuelo sin motor y ala delta en Eskişehir.
Turquía cuenta con varias estaciones de esquí en los macizos montañosos de altitud media, poblados de árboles. Las estaciones están bien acondicionadas y a ellas se accede fácilmente por carretera. Las principales estaciones de esquí son las siguientes: Bursa Uludağ / Bolu Kartalkaya / Kastamonu; Ligas Dağı, Antalya / Saklıkent, Kayseri / Erciyes, Erzurum / Palandöken, Kars / Sarıkamış, Gümüşhane / Zigana, Ağrı / Monte Ararat , Erzincan / Bolkar Dağı, Bitlis / Bubi Dağı.
Turquía, con los grandes macizos montañosos, es también el lugar ideal para la práctica de deportes como el alpinismo. Se recomienda que los alpinistas extranjeros informen de sus expediciones a la Federación Turca de Alpinismo para que estén preparados en caso de emergencia. Se recuerda que hace falta un permiso especial para acceder al Büyük Ağrı y a los macizos Clio / Sat. Entre las ascensiones más usuales están las Montañas Bey (Beydağları), las Montañas Kaçkar, Montañas Ala ( Aladağları), Monte Hasan (Hasan Dağı), Monte Erciyes (Erciyesdağı), Montañas Bolkar, Monte Ararat (Büyük Ağrı Dağı), el Monte Süphan, el Macizo Clio / Sat y las Montañas Mercan (Munzur).
Pero si lo que se desea es disfrutar de la montaña de una manera más tranquila, escapando de la rutina y de la ciudad, otra posibilidad es el montañismo o el trekking. Este deporte se puede practicar en muchas de las montañas mencionadas anteriormente.
Otras de las grandes ventajas de Turquía es la gran cantidad de estaciones termales. Cuenta con más de un centenar de ellas, algunas explotadas ya en tiempos de los romanos. En la mayor parte de ellas el tratamiento se realiza o bien por medio de la ingestión (bebida) o bien por medio de los baños. Para disfrutar de los balnearios, se puede optar por Bursa, Çanakkale, Yalova, Izmir, Denizli, Konya, Sivas o Afyon.
La equitación es una de las grandes tradiciones turcas. De hecho, `Capadocia´ significa en el `País del Caballo´. Zonas ideales para la práctica de este deporte son Daday, Araç, Eflani, Safranbolu, Ulus o Devrek. Practicar este deporte en primavera permite, por ejemplo, disfrutar de los caminos que atraviesan los valles llenos de orquídeas en primavera y la variedad de colores en otoño.
Dirección General de la Juventud y el Deporte
 
Compras
El ir de compras constituye todo un aprendizaje cultural, la riqueza de la artesanía del pueblo turco, el ambiente de los bazares y la cálida acogida de sus gentes, hacen de esta actividad todo un placer. Entre los objetos más apreciados están las alfombras, la orfebrería, los trabajos en cerámica y latón, las joyas, la piel, las figuras de madera, el ónice, las pieles, los tavla (es un tablero del juego backgammon), tableros de ajedrez, atriles para el Corán (rahle) o cajitas de todas formas y tamaños adornadas con plata o nácar.
Kaynak:T.C Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı   
Tunalım....

FETHIYE--ÖLÜ DENIZ--DALYAN...

KUSADASI-LIMAN-BANNER  GENEL/ TARIHÇE : ''Aydinliklar Ülkesi'nin el degmemis bakiresi'' Fethiye, Akdeniz'in içinde irili ufakli adalarin serpistigi Fethiye körfezinde arkasý çam ormanlariyla çevrili kuzeye açik bir koyda yer alir. Kaya mezarlari ve kale önünden bir düzlüge, Karagözler'den denize doðru iner. Ufkunu sövalye adasi, Günlükbarý ve karsilarindaki daglar olusturmaktadir. Fethiye, Persler, Likyalilar, Karyalilar, Romalilara ait eserleri ile taninmistir. Kültürel zenginligi, dogal güzellikleri ve cografyasi  ile önemli turizm merkezlerimizdendir. Likya-Karya sinirinda bir kiyi kenti olan bugünkü Fethiye'nin Antik Çaglardaki adi Telmessosdur. Kurulusuna iliskin kesin bir bilgiden yoksun oldugumuz kentin bilinen en eski yazili belgelere göre M.Ö. V. yüzyildan beri var oldugu söylenebilir. Telmessos uzun süre Likya'dan ayri bagimsiz bir kent olarak varligini sürdürdü. Kent sirasiyla Pers, Büyük Iskender, Roma, Bergama Kralligi, Bizans, Menteseogullari ve Osmanlilarin egemenliginde kalmistir.

IKLIM :Yörede, sicak ve kurak yazlari, ilik ve yagisli kislari ile Akdeniz iklimi hüküm sürmektedir. Yaz aylarinda 30 derece civarýnda olan sicaklik, kisin genellikle 10 derecenin üzerindedir. Deniz suyu sicakligi hiçbir mevsimde 16 derecenin altina düsmez.                                      >> GENERAL / HISTORY:''Aydinlıklar country in the hands degmemis virgin''Fethiye, large and small islands in the Mediterranean Sea in the Gulf of Fethiye serpiştigi north on the back of a cove surrounded by pine forests are located in. On a flat rock tombs and castles önünden Karagöz in from the seaward. Ufuk the Knight Island, Günlükbarı and olusturmaktadır Daglari karsılarındakı. Fethiye, Persians, Lycians, Karyalılar, with the works of the Romans tanınmıstır. Cultural zenginligi, natural beauty and important tourist centers have been cografyası. A coastal city in the Lycian-Carian border with today's Fethiye Telmessosdur's Ancient Çaglardaki name. A certain lack of information related to the Board of the oldest known written documents of the city by oldugumuz BC V. century, since there can say that. As an independent city in Lycia long time Telmessos varlıgını kept separate. Kent the Persians, Alexander the Great, Rome, Pergamum Krallıgı, Byzantine, and Ottoman egemenliginde Menteşeoğulları remains.

CLIMATE: In the region, hot and dry summers, rainy winters and warm Mediterranean climate is reign. The temperature is around 30 degrees in the summer months, winter is usually over 10 degrees. Sea water at 16 degrees sıcaklıgı season the bottom of any düsmez.
Fethiye'den resimler.. ÖLÜDENIZ-PLAJI


KAYA-MEZARLARI

FETHIYE SAKLIKENT


FETHÝYE KAYA MEZARLAR


ÇAMUR BANYOSU


KOY


YAMAÇ PARAÞÜTÜ PARAGLIDING


FETHÝYE YAT LÝMANI

TURKIYE YOL HARITASI
Türkiye Yol Haritasi 

TUNALIM...

DÜNYANIN EN GÜZEL FOTOGRAFLARI


fotogaleria
BackyardPool,BoraBora,FrenchPolynesia




Cappadocia,Turkey




ChandelierTree,Leggett,California




Colosseum,Rome,Italy




CreditRiver,Ontario,Canada




DuskBeforeDawn,Paris,France




Flatt_sHarbor,Smith_sParish,Bermuda




FlumeCoveredBridgeinAutumn,FranconiaNotchStatePar k,NewHampshire




GladeCreekGristMill,BabcockStatePark,West




Gustavia,Saint-Barthelemy




HecetaSunset,DevilsElbowStatePark,Oregon




InAmongsttheRocks,Goreme,Turkey




JapaneseGarden,WashingtonPark,Portland,Oregon




LegislativeBuilding,Victoria,




LondonEvening,TowerBridge,




MoonoverSanFrancisco




NiagaraFallsatNight,Canada




PlazaDeCibeles,Madrid,Spain




RockTombs,Dalyan,Turkey




Sunbeams,PercyWarnerPark,




Sunrise,Malibu,California




Toronto,Canada




TrinitadeiMontiChurch,SpanishSteps,Rome,Italy

 


TUNALIM...

ÇANAKKALE(Yakin tarihin dönüm noktasi)


   



ÇANAKKALE SAVASLARI KRONOLOJISI  1915(TÜRKÇE)

1915 GALLIPOLI
TIMELINE
(The Dardanelles Campaign)
Çanakkale Savaslarinin  Tarih Siralamasi (ingilizce)

HARITALAR
MAPS


1915
Mustafa Kemal Çanakkale'de

1915 Gallipoli (Dardanelles)
Ataturk's outstanding leadership qualities were first recognized during the 
1915 Battle of Gallipoli
(also known as the Gallipoli Campaign, Dardanelles Campaign, and "Çanakkale Savaslari")




1915 Çanakkale
Anafartalar Grubu Komutan-- Kur. Alb. Mustafa Kemal ve emrindeki subaylar



1915
Çanakkale'nin cehennemi andiran savaslarinda her zaman askerleri ile beraber 
siperlerde olan Mustafa Kemal


Mustafa Kemal 3. Ordu Erkan-- ile


 
1915
Mustafa Kemal, 3 ncü Kolordu Erkâni ile
www.tsk.mil.tr



1915
Kurmay Albay Mustafa Kemal, Çanakkale'de




1915 
Kurmay Albay Mustafa Kemal, Gelibolu Yarimadasi


1915
Anafartalar Kahramani M. Kemal, 
--stanbul'dan gelen milletvekillerine muharebelere iliskin bilgi veriyor


Mustafa Kemal Çanakkale'de
 

18 Mart 1915, Çanakkale deniz savaslarinda 
215 okkalik (275 kg) top mermisini tasiyan Edremit-Havranli Mehmet o-glu Seyit Onbasi



Atatürk ve Kurtulus  Savasi  Muzesi 
Çanakkale Savasi

Atatürk ve Kurtulus  Savasi  Muzesi 
Çanakkale Savasi


Çanakkale Türk siperleri 
- 1914 -
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- 1915 -
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- 1916 -
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1916TuggeneralMustafaKemal.png (381117 bytes)
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1916TuggeneralCanakkale.png (372322 bytes)

Eski Çanakkale
- 2015 -

2015 will honor foundations of the Turkish state laid at Gallipoli
  The year 2015 will be one of the most important years in the history of the Turkish Republic. Throughout 2015 Turks will be celebrating the beginning of the creation of the Turkish nation and national spirit. The 2015 centenary will also mark the rise of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, whose leadership laid the foundations of the Turkish state.   One of the most symbolic houses in Turkey can be found along a narrow street in Gallipoli, which is linked to the heart of a small village's main square. It was here in this inland village of Bigali that Atatürk established his headquarters in a small house just before the war began. It was also here that Mustafa Kemal, as the commanding officer of the Ottoman Army's 19th Division, received news that British-led forces, including the brave but inexperienced Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC), were landing on the peninsula.   Thus, as Atatürk set out from a seemingly ordinary town on the hills of Bigali towards the coast to battle British-led forces, he also began his march to his destiny.   It is from the second floor of this two-story house that the leader of a nation was in the making and preparing his offensive plans. The headquarters and house where Atatürk stayed became a museum in 1973 after the establishment of the "Çamyayla Atatürk Museum Founding Committee" which enabled the purchase of the house from its owner. The museum has displayed military and civilian garments and photographs as well as items personally used by Atatürk. One of the original items in the house is a desk used by Atatürk, undoubtedly for planning war strategies and viewing maps.   One enters the house after passing through a small courtyard from where the main door opens. On the ground floor there are one large and two small rooms. A wooden stairway leads to a living room on the first floor to which three rooms are connected. The room in the middle is the largest and was the study of Atatürk. The room to the right was his bedroom. The other room was used by his aide. Each of the rooms has wooden ceilings and floors. Atatürk's desk is in the study room.   An informed visit to the peninsula and a study of its geography offer greater appreciation of the unexpected hardships faced by combatants. The predictions of enemy landings by the German Gen. Otto Liman von Sanders, who was commander of the 5th Army for the defense of the Dardanelles, proved wrong. The invading forces landed their troops at Seddülbahir (Cape Helles) and Ariburnu (Anzac Cove) on April 25, 1915, after the French made diversionary landings to mislead Turkish troops. As a result of von Sanders miscalculations, the positioning of Turkish troops was not advantageous to winning the battle. Confusion also arose amidst the British-led forces when ANZAC troops failed to land on the intended beaches.   Atatürk, however, devised his own strategy and took his own initiative without authorization from von Sanders, as he assessed the significance of the landings. After ordering his division forward over the rugged countryside between Bigali and the coast, Turkish forces succeeded in stopping the enemy at Conkbayir. In addition to Seddülbahir, the peak and surrounding hilly areas of Conkbayir are known as one of the bloodiest grounds of the Gallipoli war, where Turkish forces prepared to die for the land that Western powers were carving up.   Mustafa Kemal's famous order to his soldiers, "I am not giving you an order to attack, but I am ordering you to die!" is said to have played a decisive role in the battle.   Atatürk not only led Turks in winning the battle of Gallipoli but also ignited an enduring sense of national identity. Looking back at the emergence of modern Turkey, Atatürk's house in Bigali is a remarkable reminder of how Turks found the strength and vision to mobilize forces to unite. It was here that the foundations of the Turkish nation were first laid and the enduring unity of a nation sprang forth. The upcoming centenary should be an opportunity for Turks and peoples of other nations to better understand the significance of Gallipoli for Turks.   As the centenary celebrations of 2015 near, there will be a heightened sense of the value and ideals upon which Turkey was founded, especially as the present generation assumes responsibility and strives to follow in the footsteps of one of the greatest statesman of history, who led the Turkish nation to achieve great things.   The sacrifices of other soldiers will also be honored as Turks together with the peoples of many countries and remember those who came from great distances to fight at Gallipoli.   While the Armenian diaspora and supporters of an alleged 1915 Armenian genocide fail to objectively present all the events of 1915, the approaching centennial can serve to provide more balanced accounts of all the facts of World War I. If nations do not take these opportunities to educate their children with a fair and accurate understanding of history, they risk having young minds dangerously misled by the conflicts and hostilities of the past.
TUNALIM...

TURKIYE'DEN FOTOGRAFLAR

Republic of Turkey, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti
O'na selam olsun.                


TUNALIM...

TURKEY WELCOMES YOU

 

vatan

‘Turkish hospitality is impossible to ignore’, proclaims the in-flight magazine as I fly to Bodrum. You can’t miss it when you set foot in the airport: the welcome visa costs $20. By the exit, the passengers are greeted by a forest of A4 sheets with the names of the people to take to the hotel. It is nice to go to an unknown place, and find somebody waiting for you and calling you by name: in this case, Turkish hospitality will set you back $40. The A4 sheets move, women in uniforms and men sporting three-day old stubble call out names in every language: there is something grotesque and vaguely uncanny about the situation, and I increasingly feel like a mullet among sharks. My shark, however, does not show up. As my flight was due to land at 3 am, I had arranged for a driver to drop me and my luggage at the enticingly-named ‘Hotel Best’; what I had not taken into account was that he might have been having a nap at the time of landing. He finally approaches with messy hair, and accompanies me to the minivan: an 8-seater for just one traveler, and one who is half asleep one at that. My first local conversation partner, Haci, breaks the silence of the overnight ride with a very British few remarks about the weather, but the imported manners soon give way to machismo the Turkish way when, having found out my status as solo female traveler, he points out he is single, and starts inquiring about my salary. Haci has never ventured outside his homeland, but he admits his views are cosmopolitan: 'I would go abroad on a trip. Well, provided it is no more than a couple of days’. As we speak, he sprays car deodorant: we are driving past a dump and he wants to cover the smell, so I will not get a bad impression of the city. Two sprays to preserve his national pride.


It is 4 am when I get to the hotel for check-in; a large picture of Atatürk hangs on the walls of the reception as if safeguarding the keys. My room overlooks the main road, where you can hear people singing and mopeds buzzing even at dead of night. It is not the noise of the nightlife that wakes me up, though, but rather the familiar, though long-unheard sound of a cockcrow. After breakfast by the pool, with music from a local TV channel - Britney Spears and Simply Red – blaring in the background, I set off to the centre of town. White houses, scorching sunshine, and a multitude of free roaming chickens. Bodrum boasts 5,000 years of history - a mausoleum, a castle, and an amphitheater still testify to the greatness of ancient Halicarnassus - but for the modern-day tourist, the town mainly means Aegean seaside resort. It is an extremely popular destination for European travelers: I wonder if I am going to be able to find anything authentic, let alone authentic Turkish hospitality.

All the bars and restaurants seem to come with a sea view: I even find a bookstore with a direct exit onto the beach. At the end of Atatürk St. I stop at a fruit market whose colors would have excited Van Gogh: in me they trigger sheer gluttony. A brawny monger hands me a fig, sweet and juicy: for a second I wonder if it is a seduction strategy, but I soon have to disperse my fantasies and realize it is only a marketing one. The fruit reminds me it is lunchtime, and I start having a look at the restaurants: ‘British pub’, ‘Chelsea v. Liverpool tonight’, ‘English breakfast all day!’: it is clear it will be hard to eat Turkish in Bodrum. I end up in a restaurant by the sea, drawn by a flag with a crescent promising local food. I take a seat and ask for water and a menu. How naïve of me! The menu is not held in your hands here. A teenage waiter opens the display case and shows me the fish available. ‘This one’, I say as I point my finger. This one, salad and more bread than I can eat turn out to be a very good choice, all for a very reasonable 16 Turkish lira.


In Bodrum you can forget you are in a Muslim country: skirts are short, and tourists walk around town in swimming costumes. Sure, the locals mention the mosque all the time: with its tall tower, it is an easy point of reference when they give you directions. A multitude of red flags wave on boats, buildings, restaurants, as if to remind that this is Turkey, at least politically not yet a colony of English and German holidaymakers.

As I walk along Atatürk St. on the way to my hotel, I bump into Haci. By day he works at a stool he calls ‘tourist office': to be fair, it does have a telephone and an array of brochures, invariably faded by the sun; seen as the business is growing, now they even sell international phone cards. By night Haci works as a driver, picking up tourists like me at the airport; on Wednesdays as a guide in Ephesus, on one of the organized tours he sells by day: I am suddenly reminded of how he fell asleep in the minivan the night I landed, only now I am not annoyed by the incident anymore. The tourist office overlooks the street leading to the beach; Haci stands outside and lures tourists in with a smile and a cheesy ‘How are you?’ - the Turkish approach to marketing. Back in my hotel, I am welcomed by a young receptionist: her English is limited, which is why she speaks very little and smiles a lot. The fruit monger, the driver and the receptionist: to me they become three faces of Turkish hospitality. I start to understand why the local Ministry of Tourism has chosen ‘Turkey welcomes you’ as a slogan.


By 5 pm I am in my room, getting ready for that most touristy of pleasures - the beach. This time it isn’t Britney Spears I hear in the background: the mosque is quite far away, but the prayers – almost an amorous lamentation with long-drawn out notes – fill my room as I put on my bikini. On the way to the beach lies the oldest Turkish bath in Bodrum; by the entrance stands a young lady with a headscarf whose English is limited to ‘Turkish bath?’. Seen as I do not proceed to the hamam, she calls the manager to act as an interpreter. The expert linguist is a middle-aged man, short and sweaty, busy with a massage to a greasy client lying on his stomach. The interpreter knows four English words more than the lady at the entrance: ‘35 lira massage, 20 lira Turkish bath’. I like the idea of a massage, but not the sight in front of me, and I leave, beach towel in hand.

All bars in Bodrum offer deck chairs on the beach: 5 yards of pebbles between the tables and the sea. I head to a public beach with no deck chairs and a few dogs. The sea is warm, the sun has stopped scorching, and I feel a little like Venus as I surrender my body to the same water into which the iconic Bodrum castle plunges. The sun is setting over Bodrum, and the town is at its best – like a girl with make up and a nice dress. Unfortunately this is also the time of day when restaurants get busy, the competition among waiters trying to lure you into their venues gets tough and the sound of the waves cannot be heard anymore, covered as it is by techno music from clubs and matches of the English Premier League on TV. I head for a kebab and an Ayran – a yogurt drink which surprisingly manages to be more salty than the lamb it accompanies – and the waiter cheekily asks me the question every solo female traveler expects: ‘Where is your boyfriend?'

Tourists are flocking to downtown for a night stroll: I decide to leave the centre to them and beat a retreat. Back at hotel Best (its name is not deceiving after all) I have the fruit I bought at the market; the open window lets in music from a piano bar, interrupted only by the 9 pm prayer from the mosque. As I watch a Tarkan video on TV and I sip my Ayran, I feel most welcome.

URGUP (peri bacalari)Cappadocia

Urgup:
Of the major villages in Cappadocia, Ürgüp strikes a balance between preserving its Anatolian traditions and cultivating an unobtrusive yet irresistible tourist infrastructure.

To meet the rising demand, hoteliers are all too eager to create magical and otherworldly accommodations for an increasingly upscale market. Crumbled hovels are snatched up for a song, human odors of food and sweat are scraped away with the top layers of porous tufa, and perfectly charming romantic retreats materialize. Of course, one day, all of those abandoned terraced houses will sprout brand-new facades, a gentrification process that, while polished and attractive, will probably be devoid of the character that drew us here in the first place.

The process has already begun, particularly in the wake of press provided by the highly popular Turkish soap opera, Asmali Konak. But for now, Ürgüp remains a tranquil yet convenient corner of Cappadocia that makes an ideal base from which to explore the surrounding valleys.Attractions:

With an easy blend of tradition and convenience, Ürgüp makes the perfect base for day excursions to the open-air museums of Göreme and Zelve, the nearby valleys, and neighboring villages.

The village is also a peaceful retreat for some quiet time, where you can walk around the old deserted section of town or enjoy the view from the lookout point atop windy Temmeni Hill, known as The Hill of Wishes 30YKr (20¢).

A mysterious tunnel (closed; don't bother with those pestering kids) almost 8km ( 1/2 mile) long leads from around the 13th-century Kebir Camii to the Selçuk tomb of Nükrettin at the top of the hill; to this day, no one knows who built it or why. The tomb was dedicated to the Selçuk leader Kiliçarslan IV, or the Sworded Lion, and a hilltop cafe allows you to relax and take it all in.

İstanbul-Turkeytarih

Rarely will a visit to Turkey exclude the burgeoning, chaotic, confused, messy, muddled, and glorious wonder that is Istanbul. Istanbul is home to a layering of civilization on civilization, of empire built on empire. It's as momentous as Rome, as captivating as Paris, and as exotic as Bangkok (this last is potentially a bad thing).A city that straddles Europe and Asia, Istanbul is a symbol of greatness, coveted historically by everyone from Xerxes all the way down the historical dateline through World War I, when Russia was green with envy over the possibilities of what free passage through the Bosphorus Straits could do for its economy. Even today, foreign commerce gets a free ride as hundreds of thousands of sometimes oversize and hazardous ships stream up and down this epic waterway. The traditions inherited from 2,500 years of history are most evident in the Old City, known as Old Stamboul or Sultanahmet. A stroll through this historic peninsula will reveal ancient Roman hippodromes, peristyles, and aqueducts, the greatest excesses of the Byzantine Empire, the mystique and power of the Ottoman Empire, and the relentless hassling by the merchant class. As a religious center (heart of the Greek Orthodox Church as well as the Islamic faith for centuries), Istanbul is the custodian of one of the world's most important cultural heritages and home to some of the world's most opulent displays of art and wealth. Early Greek civilization left us the building blocks for Rome and Byzantium, which swathed these earlier foundations in rich mosaics and left its mark in monuments such as the Hippodrome and Ayasofya. Even Fatih Mehmet II was astounded at the beauty of the city he had finally conquered. The Ottoman dynasty redirected the city's fortunes into the imperial majesty of undulating domes and commanding minarets, and the sumptuousness of Topkapi Palace.Across the Golden Horn is the modern heart of the city, heir to the future of the country, pulsating with all the electricity of a cutting-edge international metropolis. Although the political capital sits safely in the heartland, this part of Istanbul projects itself into the world as Turkey's ambassador of art, entertainment, music, and education.Today Istanbul is home to 14+ million of the 65 million people living in Turkey, many of whom are poor village folk who've migrated to the big city out of economic need. Over brunch, the residents of the more prosperous neighborhoods along the Bosphorus revile the poor wedged into the squalid back streets of Galata, while the religious fundamentalists of the Fatih neighborhood stare out through their veils in disapproval. All of the contradictions of a complex society in transition converge in Istanbul; the city is a microcosm of the tug-of-war between East and West and the "haves" and the "have-nots." Many of these have-nots develop get-rich-quick schemes to capitalize on the traffic brought in by the city's monumental past. It's a cold, calculating, and cruel world out there, but with a little mental preparedness, one that can be easily overcome. In Rome, preadolescent gypsies prey on tourists; in New York, it's the street dice men; and in Istanbul, it's anybody multilingual in Sultanahmet.Yet, however nonrepresentative Istanbul is of Turkey as a whole, however unscrupulous the merchants can be, and however disinterested much of the population may be over the city's fantastic roots, Istanbul is so exotic, wonderful, complex, and utterly monumental, that once seen, it's impossible to break free from its spell.Attractions:Istanbul is a city that has successfully incorporated a rich past into a promising future -- no small feat considering the sheer magnitude of history buried under those cobblestone streets. Three of the greatest empires in Western history each claimed Istanbul as their capital; as a result, the city overflows with extraordinary sites all vying for equal time. Conveniently, all of the top sights are located on or immediately around Sultanahmet Park, but that by no means is an indication that there's nothing worth seeing outside of that neighborhood700 Years of Turkish Jews Jews visiting Turkey inevitably ask for a tour of a local synagogue, and as the default working temple in the heart of Galata, Neve Shalom is usually the first and only stop. While interesting to see (particularly after sustaining recurring terrorist attacks), a visit to Neve Shalom is far from the Holy Grail of Jewish sites in Istanbul. It's also not necessarily guaranteed, since a pre-visit request accompanied by a faxed copy of your passport is the minimum requirement for entry. I'd recommend instead the Jewish Museum of Turkey, located in the restored 19th-century Zulfaris Synagogue. The museum represents the vision of the Quincentennial Foundation (named for the 500-year anniversary of the Jewish expulsion from Spain) and showcases the peaceful coexistence of Jews and Turks in Turkey. The foundation's vision came to fruition in 2001 with this anthology of Jewish presence in Turkey beginning with the Ottoman conquest of Bursa, through Sultan Beyazit's invitation to those expelled from Spain, to the present day. The museum/synagogue is located at Karaköy Meydani, Perçemli Sok. (tel. 0212/292-6333; facing the lower entrance to the Tünel funicular, Perçemli Sokak is the first alley to your right; the museum is at the end of the street on your right). The museum is open Monday through Thursday 10am to 4pm, and Friday and Sunday from 10am to 2pm. Admission is 5YTL ($3.70).Catch the Ottoman Mehter Band OutdoorsThat must-see Ottoman Mehter Band that I tout so much no longer requires that you head over to the Military Museum in the middle of your day. There's now a performance every Friday, an hour and a half prior to noon prayers, right in front of the Eyüp Sultan Mosque. After the music and a visit to the mosque complex, hop onto the brand new cable car for the 2-minute ride up to the top of Pierre Loti Hill.A Sweet Shop Near the Spice BazaarWandering around the spice bazaar, you can really work up an appetite. Across the Galata Bridge at the Karaköy seaport is the humble (and famous) Güllüoglu (tel. 0212/244-4567) sweet shop, where you'll find the best börek -- a cheese- or meat-filled pastry that's feathery and delicious. They also keep their glass cases full of baklava.See the Whirling DervishesThe Sufi Music Concert & Sema Ceremony (ceremony of the Whirling Dervishes) is held on the first and last Saturday of the month at the historic Galata Mevlevihanesi, Divan Edebiyati Müzesi, Galip Dede Caddesi, at the end of Istiklal Caddesi in Tünel (tel. 0535/210-4565). From October to April the ceremony is at 3pm; from May to September it's at 5pm. Go 15 minutes early for a front-row seat in this finely decorated octagonal hall. If you miss this one, there's an alternative concert of Sufi Music and a Sema Ceremony every Tuesday and Saturday at 7:30pm in the open hall off platform no. 1 in the train station at Sirkeci (tel. 0216/449-9081; www.emav.org). Tickets are 25YTL ($19); the ceremony lasts about an hour. (Note: please call ahead to confirm showings, as schedules do change.)

Troy (Canakkale)vatan

The Iliad and Odyssey have made Troy one of the most recognizable mythological events in the world, and few can resist the chance to trod among its remains. The reality is less satisfying, however; the site for the most part is a hodgepodge of unrecognizable archaeological detritus visible from afar via a raised catwalk, some of which is blocked off by ongoing excavations. So the primary dilemma continues to be whether or not a visit is warranted. As an adjunct to a tour of Gallipoli, the trip is definitely worthwhile. But as a pilgrimage to the classical world, there are better-preserved and more representative sites on Turkish soil that are more conveniently accessible.Until 1871, when Heinrich Schliemann decided to go dig for buried treasure, finding Troy was about as likely as finding Atlantis. There was (and to a certain extent, still is) no concrete evidence that the civilization of Homer's Iliad existed. One of the arguments is that the poet's epic account of the Trojan War is an amalgam of battle stories based on geopolitics of the day, with a little Aaron Spelling thrown in for flavor.Then Schliemann, a self-taught archaeologist with an ancient-Greece obsession and an even stronger lust for buried treasure, descended upon the nearby village of Hisarlik and started poking around. His shoddy excavation resulted in significant damage to the site, and when the dust settled after his looting, there was some dispute over what it was that he actually "found" there. But there's no disputing that he began the significant excavation and reconstruction process that continues to this day.The fact that nine civilizations were built one on top of the other is no surprise, given the strategic location. Two thousand years ago, Troy was a port city at the mouth of the Dardanelles, and it would have been surprising if a war hadn't been fought here. While it's anyone's guess just how heroic the goings-on were on these ancient shores, the possibility of stepping into a legend is an exciting proposition -- as is climbing into the belly of a wooden horse that Walt Disney would be proud of.AttractionsStories about the young Schliemann paint a picture of a child prodigy on a vision quest from an early age. But it's entirely possible his obsession for Homer and Greek culture took root much later. It seems more likely that his main goal in life was to strike it rich; having achieved that in the California gold rush, he then set his sights on immortality.At about 44 years old, after years of study of ancient and modern Greek and the classic epic work of Homer, Schliemann proclaimed himself an archaeologist and began digging at Pinarbasi, which was believed at the time to be the site of Troy. Meanwhile, Frank Calvert had discovered the ruins of a palace or temple on the hill at Hisarlik, and the two agreed that this was a more likely area for the lost city.Schliemann began bulldozing his way through the hill in 1870 and found little besides obsidian knife blades and clay tiles -- which in Turkey, you can pretty much find while bending over and tying your shoe. When he finally discovered something significant -- a relief of the sun god Apollo -- he immediately attributed it to the ruins of Zeus's throne (and smuggled it out of the country and into his garden). It started to get interesting in August 1872 with the discovery of some gold earrings and a skeleton, and 9 months later his crew uncovered two gates guarding a stone foundation of a large building. To Schliemann, this was obviously the Scaean Gate, and the building was the palace of Priam, the last king of Troy.Some time later, Schliemann literally struck gold, shrewdly giving the crew the day off while he and his wife dug alone. That day's findings were monumental: a treasure of goblets, spearheads, knives, and jewelry in copper, silver, and gold, including an incredible 8,750 gold rings and buttons. Eventually Schliemann smuggled the whole lot (except for a few items now in the Archaeology Museum in Çanakkale) out of the country, initially stashing a major part of the treasure with various friends around Greece, where neither Turkish nor Greek authorities could claim ownership. He also donated a portion of the treasure to a Berlin museum, but the artifacts were stolen by the Soviets during World War II and transported to Russia. Schliemann halted and resumed excavation two more times through 1890 but never came near to the findings of that first stash, now believed to have belonged to a princess around 2000 B.C.So the question remains. Was Schliemann a lying megalomaniac with delusions of grandeur? One biographer points to the evidence. Discrepancies between Schliemann's personal letters and diary entries show that Schliemann lied with regard to his personal life. He also reported that the site of the treasure was located in Priam's Palace, when the site of the find was actually outside the city wall. The truly incriminating evidence is in the photographs he took of Priam's treasure; several of the items "found" in 1873 appear in photos taken in 1872 of earlier finds.Maybe he was just nuts; there's evidence supporting that, too. Schliemann eventually retired in Athens, renamed all of his servants after characters in Greek mythology, and required them to deliver all messages to him in ancient Greek, a language he had taught himself. The inscription on the tomb he had built for himself seems to be his final word on the subject: "For the hero Schliemann."

ÇanakkaleCanakkale

The small port of Çanakkale was of major strategic importance during World War I; at its narrowest point, it guards the entire straits of the Dardanelles. A constant reminder of its role in the war is the memorial carved into the cliff side on the opposite shore, which is visible from just about everywhere in town: "O Passer-by: The quiet earth on which you tread unaware is the place where a generation was lost. Bow and listen, for this ground is where the heart of a nation throbs." But the Great War was not the only major battle to happen in these environs. The ancient city of Troy, located just over 9 miles from here, fell several times in defense of this strategic spot.Today Çanakkale is a quiet fishing town and tourist center, and the attractions are a mere footnote to both battlegrounds, where the action really happened. AttractionsThe Army Museum houses various types of war paraphernalia such as uniforms, medals, and weapons, but unless you're a war geek, the most interesting part of the exhibit is just inside the main entrance. There's a model of the Gallipoli Campaign, above which are various plaques in English with attention-grabbing anecdotes and quotes of the various battleground memorials. One recounts the story of how on August 10, 1915, Atatürk received a direct hit to the heart, but a pocket watch that he was carrying shielded him from the bullet and certain death. Other sources say it was shrapnel from the doomed 57th Regiment battle, while still others say the whole story is a load of crap. According to the debatable inscription in this museum, the shattered watch is now part of Army Commander General Limon von Sander's family collection.Next to the Naval Museum is a replica of the Nusrat, the minelayer that gets the credit for saving the day against invading British warships during the sea offensive. After the war, the underappreciated Nusrat was used as a lowly freight carrier and finally capsized in April 1990. Inside the ship is a minor exhibit of newspaper clippings with apparently significant headlines in huge block Turkish letters, as well as some diary entries and other forgettable items.Çimenlik Castle, along with the Kilitbahir Castle on the opposite banks of the straits, was constructed by Mehmet II (the Conqueror) in the 15th century as a strategic prelude to his assault on Constantinople. The castle grounds are full of old cannons from the battles, and if you venture into one of those dark passages, you can get a glimpse of the Turkish positions, not to mention the sections of the roof that were destroyed by incoming artillery.The park occupies a waterfront section that juts out into the sea and from which you get some of the best views in town, so if war yarns leave you cold, the grounds provide at least a pleasant diversion....TUNALIM... (http://advertisement.blogevim.com/  )WELCOME